Fig. 1

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in normal and cancer cell. A. Schematic illustration of SDH subunits. It catalyzes conversion of succinate to fumarate in TCA cycle and electron transport in ETC. B Mutation or expression defect of subunit B or D results in reduced SDH activity and accumulation of succinate. TRAP inhibits SDH catalytic activity also resulting in succinate accumulation. Cytosolic succinate stabilizes HIF-1α through inhibition of PHD while extracellular succinate promotes cancer metastasis via SUCNR-1