Fig. 3

HG alone can trigger MSC adipogenesis over osteogenesis with depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and depression of mitochondrial activity by 8 h. A qPCR analyses of early adipogenic and osteogenic genes, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (Cebpb) and Runt-related transcription factor (Runx2) as assessed in C3H with AM and OM, respectively. B qPCR analyses of early adipogenic genes, Cebpb and Kruppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) as assessed in C3H cells with CM containing LG or HG for 8 h. C qPCR analyses of early osteogenic genes, Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) as assessed in C3H cells with CM containing LG or HG for 8 h. D Ratio of cellular NAD⁺ to NADH (NAD.⁺/NADH) as assessed in C3H with CM containing LG or HG for 8 h (n = 4 for each group). E MAP prediction of mechanisms involved in “Function of mitochondria” using transcriptomic data from human adipocytes (n = 3, GSE45169) or osteoblasts (n = 3, GSE101140) compared to BMMSCs (n = 3, GSE20631). F Oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) of C3H cultured in LG or HG conditions for 8 h as assessed by Seahorse assay. G Quantification of maximal OCRs in LG- or HG-cultured C3H. N = 3 for each group in all figures except D. Data are shown as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001