Fig. 3

Promoter hypermethylation results in low pGSN expression in ESCC cells. A The promoter map of GSN gene. Each bar marked on the DNA strand indicates a CpG site. Primer sets for MSP analysis are labeled as Set 1 and Set 2. B and C RT-qPCR analysis of pGSN (B) and cGSN (C) mRNA expression. β-actin was used as an internal control. D, Immunoblotting of DNMT1 and pGSN in ESCC cells treated with demethylation agents 5-aza or Nutlin-3. GAPDH was used as an internal control. E MSP results demonstrated that demethylation agents (5-aza or Nutlin-3) reduced the methylation of the GSN promoter, as evidenced by an increase in U products. Data represents mean ± s.e.m. ns: non-significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001