Fig. 5

Both pretreatment and post-treatment with CCL5 enhanced neurite and synapse growth and myelination-related signaling pathways in injured cortical tissue. A Volcano plot of significant DEPs between mTBI and TBI + CCL5 pretreatment (PreL5) CCL5-KO mouse cortex. B Volcano plot of significant DEPs between mTBI and TBI + CCL5 post-treatment (PostL5) CCL5-KO mouse cortex. DEPs: p-value < 0.05 in comparison to TBI, respectively. Colored points represent: log2 ratio > 0 upregulated protein (red) and log2 ratio < 0 downregulated protein (blue). Selected axonogenesis, neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination pathway-related proteins are highlighted as indicated (Red: myelinations, Green: axonogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptogenesis, Yellow: overlapping). C Venn diagram comparing DEPs between the TBI group, TBI + CCL5 pretreatment (PreL5), and TBI + CCL5 post-treatment (PostL5) groups. 54 identified proteins (46 up regulated, 8 down regulated) were affected by both treatments. D Identified GO terms from each of the three GO groups (Green bar: biological process, Red bar: cellular component, Blue bar: molecular function. Blue character: neuron function-related) were shown. The strength of enrichment of each GO term was indicated by the Log10 p-value (X-axis). E IPA analysis identified affected diseases and functions in the nervous system category (Z-score value indicated that functions are predicted to be activated (red). Selected IPA canonical pathways in the nervous system identified significant DEPs related to axon (F), synapse (G), neuron development (H), and myelination (I) related signaling pathways in both PreL5 and PostL5 treatments. The Z-score in different identified pathways was shown as a gradient of yellow to red. See also Supplementary Figs. 3, 4, and 5