Table 3 Prior studies on kidney stem/progenitor cells

1

Label (BrdU)-retaining cells in rat kidney

PT and DT; thick ascending LOH; CD

Proliferation after injury in vivo

Maeshima et al. [120]

2

Label (BrdU)-retaining cells in rat and mouse kidneys

Renal papilla

Multipotency in vitro; sphere formation; proliferation after injury; incorporate into parenchyma after injection into renal cortex

Scattered LRCs also found in outer cortex and medulla

Oliver et al. [121]

3

Limiting dilution for proliferative mouse kidney cells

Sox9 (used for lineage tracing)

CD133, Lgr4, Foxd1, Pax8, Notch (Hey1, Hes1, Hes5) and Wnt (Axin) target genes

Lgr5, Pax2, Six2, Scf,

c-Kit, CD90, and CD105

PT and DT

Populate PT, LOH, and DT in embryo and after injury in adult

(but not glomeruli or CD)

Kang et al. [122]

4

Limiting dilution and growth of dissected rat kidney S3 segment

Sca1, c-Kit, c-Met, Vimentin, Wnt4, WT-1 Pax2

S3 segment of the proximal tubule in rat kidney

Form tubule structure after implantation; regenerate tubules after drug-induced injury

Differentiate into tubule cells expressing multiple segmental markers

Kitamura et al. [123]

5

Serial passages of cultured whole adult rat kidney suspension

Oct4 (used for lineage tracing)

Pax2, CD90, CD44, Vimentin

SSEA-1, CD133, CD106, CD31

PT in the cortical medullary junction

Multipotency in vitro; incorporate into PT and DT (but not LOH) after injection into injured kidney

Gupta et al. [124]

6

Outgrowth of cultured capsulated glomeruli in vitro followed by sorting

CD133⁺ CD24⁺, CD106⁺ (used for sorting)

CK7 and Vimentin

Urinary pole of Bowman's capsule

Proliferate and differentiate into podocyte and tubular lineages in vitro; regenerate podocytes and tubular cells in SCID post-injuries

Angelotti et al. [74]

7

Outgrowth of cultured renal tubules in vitro followed by sorting

CD133⁺, CD24⁺, CD106⁻ (used for sorting)

CK7 and Vimentin

PT, DT

Proliferate and differentiate into tubular lineage in vitro; regenerate tubular cells in SCID post-injuries

Angelotti et al. [74]

8

Outgrowth of cultured human glomeruli in vitro followed by sorting

CD133, CD24 (used for sorting)

CD106, CD105, CD54, and CD44

Urinary pole of Bowman's capsule

Self-renewal; clonogenic potential; multilineage differentiation; repopulate glomeruli, PT, and DT in SCID mice after injury

• Differentiate into tubule cells expressing multiple segmental markers simultaneously in vitro

Sagrinati et al. [75]

9

Side population of adult mouse whole kidney cells after Hoechst 33342 staining

CD24a (used for localizing SP cells in vivo)

Sca1, CD105, CD44, Pax8, Notch1/2

CD45, CD34, and c-Kit (positive for SP from bone marrow)

Mostly in PT, also in DT, thick ascending LOH, CD

Multipotency in vitro; incorporate into explant of developing MM and UB; engraft into PT, DT, and CD of injured adult kidney

Challen et al. [125]

10

Magnetic bead sorting of human adult renal papilla suspension, followed by colony formation in culture

CD133

OCT4, CD73, CD29, CD44, CD146, SSEA-4,

ZO-1, cytokeratin, Vimentin, Nestin, PAX2

OCT4, c-MYC, KLF4

CD34, CD90, CD117, CD45

Papilla, LOH thin limb segments

Differentiate into tubule cell fates of all segments in vitro; incorporate into different tubule segments after injection into SCID mice

Bussolati et al. [73]

Bussolati et al. [184]

11

MSCs isolated from adult mouse kidney; sorting for Lin⁻CD31⁻

CD24^lo

Sca-1⁺; sorting for Hob7-driven GFP⁺ cells; lineage tracing

CD24^lo

Sca-1⁺

Hoxb7, Wnt4, BNP, Uroplakin 1b, Aqp2 (principal cell marker)

F4/80 (macrophage marker), UMOD; CD31; Pendrin or AE1 (intercalated cell markers); PDGFRα and β (pericyte markers)

CD (principal cells)

Display EMT after in vitro culture; exhibit MSC-like property; integrate into Aqp 2-positive medullary CD when injected into neonatal kidneys; form epithelial structures in vitro and in vivo

May originate from interstitial Wnt4-expressing cells integrated into CD after birth; able to produce growth factors that promote epithelial wound repair in vitro

Li et al. [127]

12

scRNAseq of human urine cells

SOX9 (used as marker in selection for serial enrichment)

SOX4, HES1, TLE4

Un-specified tubular cells

Serial culture enrichment for SOX9⁺; incorporate into incised SCID mouse kidney

Wang et al. 2021 [128]