Fig. 1

IL-19 expression in tumor associated with poor prognosis in patients with GBM. A Survival probability of patients with GBM in two groups with high (n = 34) and low IL-19 (n = 45) expression obtained from RNA-seq data in TCGA database. B Survival probability of patients with GBM in two groups with large (n = 32) and small (n = 47) log₂ fold change in relative IL-19 expression to TATA-binding protein expression level observed from RNA microarray data in TCGA database and in C large fold change group (n = 11) and low fold change group (n = 11) in Taiwan GBM study cohort. The p values for the log-rank test are indicated in the survival probability graph. D IL-19 expression levels in human GBM cell lines (GBM8401, GBM8901, and U87 cells) and murine GBM cell line (GL261) were determined through flow cytometry. Light-gray histogram represents isotype control antibody staining. E Flow cytometric gating for tumor-infiltrating microglia (CD45^dimCD11b^dim) and MO-MDSCs (CD45^hiCD11b^hiLy6C⁺Ly6G⁻) in GL261 tumor–bearing mice. Blue histogram represents isotype control antibody staining to examine IL-19 expression level in brain-infiltrating lymphocytes. F Immunofluorescent staining of the IL-19 (red), M2 TAM Marker CD206 (green) and the pan-macrophage/microglia marker Iba1 (green) in intratumoral and peritumoral region of human GBM tissue. White arrows indicate CD206⁺IL-19⁺ or Iba1⁺IL-19⁺ cells. Scale bar: 50 μM