Fig. 2
IL-19 expression is associated with immunosuppressive response in patients with GBM. A Site-specific tissue samples, including intratumoral solid T1 contrast-enhanced tissue (T1 + C) and peritumoral region tissue, were collected from patients with GBM in Taiwan through image-guided stereotactic biopsy. Representative T1 + C and apparent diffusion coefficient map (ADC) images of GBM in human brain are presented. B Heat map of IL-19 expression and normalized enrichment level of TH responses in peritumoral region (n = 24). Value of correlation coefficient between IL-19 expression and TH response and p values are provided in the table. C High IL-19 expression in peritumoral region was associated with immunosuppressive responses in patients with GBM in Taiwan. Immune-related signaling pathway was predicted using IPA. D Bar graph of Z-score and p values of predicted immune-related pathways. E Heatmap of CTL- and MDSC-normalized enrichment scores in peritumoral region with high and low IL-19 expression. F Ratio of enrichment score of CTL to MDSC and G CYT score in peritumoral tissue with high (n = 11) and low (n = 3) IL-19 expression. Statistical analysis comprised the Mann–Whitney U test; **p < 0.01. H Gene expression value (Z-score transformed) of WISP1 in the tumor tissue with high (n = 47) and low IL-19 (n = 48) expression from microarray data of TCGA database are shown in the bar graph