Fig. 3

Distributions of mutated Spike peptide-common HLA binding affinity changes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants across different populations. The changes in Spike peptide-common HLA class I (A) and II (B) binding affinities from the original Wuhan strain to the Omicron EG.5 and XBB.1.16 variants in Taiwanese, British, and Russian populations were determined as increased (red), decreased (blue), or unchanged (gray). Each mutated Spike peptide-common HLA binding affinity in the Omicron variants was categorized as either tight binding, moderate binding, or weak/no binding. The proportions of mutated Spike peptide-common HLA binding affinity changes of different binding affinity strengths of individual Omicron variants in different populations were illustrated in separate stacked bars